Thus, large-brained parrots and corvids have forebrain neuron counts equal to or greater than primates with much larger brains. Additionally, corvids and parrots have much higher proportions of brain neurons located in the pallial telencephalon compared with primates or other mammals and birds. Using the isotropic fractionator to determine numbers of neurons in specific brain regions, here we show that the brains of parrots and songbirds contain on average twice as many neurons as primate brains of the same mass, indicating that avian brains have higher neuron packing densities than mammalian brains. This poses a fundamental problem in comparative and computational neuroscience, because small brains are expected to have a lower information-processing capacity. ![]() Some birds achieve primate-like levels of cognition, even though their brains tend to be much smaller in absolute size.
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